PICOT Statement

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The use of opioids in the United States has significantly increased in the recent past. Women in the reproductive have greatly been affected by opioids, where the usage rate among pregnant mothers is roughly from 1.19 per 1,000 infants to 5.63 from 2000 to 2009, respectively (Kraft, Stover & Davis, 2016). Prenatally exposed children to opioids have lower cognitive performance and regulations than non-exposed newborns (Nygaard, Moe, Slinning & Walhovd, 2015). Primarily, neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is significantly related to poor performance due to cognitive deficits. Negative neurodevelopmental outcomes are prevalent in newborns exposed to opioids. Nonetheless, while newborns are treated for neonatal abstinence syndrome for more than thirty years, there is inadequate research to establish the impacts of exposure and treatment in terms of environmental factors (Kraft, Stover & Davis, 2016).

PICOT Statement

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References

Behnke, M., & Smith, V. C. (2013). Prenatal substance abuse: short- and long-term effects on the exposed fetus. Pediatrics, 131(3), 1009-1024. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-3931

Keough, L., & Fantasia, H. C. (2017). Pharmacologic treatment of opioid addiction during pregnancy. Nursing for Womens Health,21(1), 34-44. doi:10.1016/j.nwh.2016.12.010

Kraft, W. K., Stover, M. W., & Davis, J. M. (2016, April). Neonatal abstinence syndrome: pharmacologic strategies for the mother and infant. In Seminars in Perinatology (Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 203-212). WB Saunders. doi: [10.1053/j.semperi.2015.12.007]

Logan, B. A., Brown, M. S., & Hayes, M. J. (2013). Neonatal abstinence syndrome: Treatment and pediatric outcomes. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 56(1), 186. doi: [10.1097/GRF.0b013e31827feea4]

Nygaard, E., Moe, V., Slinning, K., & Walhovd, K. B. (2015). Longitudinal cognitive development of children born to mothers with opioid and polysubstance use. Pediatric Research, 78(3), 330. https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2015.95

Ohio Department of Health. (2014). Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in Ohio 2004-2014 Report. Retrieved from http://www.overdosepreventionstrategies.org/wp content/uploads/2015/03/2015-%E2%80%93-Neonatal-Abstinence-Syndrome-NAS-in Ohio-2004-2014-Report.pdf

Wiles, J. R., Isemann, B., Ward, L. P., Vinks, A. A., & Akinbi, H. (2014). Current Management of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Secondary to Intrauterine Opioid Exposure. The Journal of Pediatrics, 165(3), 440-446. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.05.010

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