Leininger and Watson Theory
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Leininger and Watson Theory
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Case study #1
Leininger and Watson Theory. Madeleine Leininger’s developed a culture care model to foster cultural competent nursing. This theory allows nurses to understand and consider diverse cultural values and beliefs in patient care to facilitate culturally competent care. The theory highlights that different cultures have varied norms, preferences, values and beliefs that influence health (McFarland & Wehbe-Alamah, 2019). The theory will be used to analyze a case study of a patient admitted from the Emergency Room (ER) to Cardiac Intensive Care with acute myocardial infraction and family history of hypertension.
Leininger and Watson Theory
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Using Leininger’s Theory to plan for Patient’s Discharge
Based on the case study, various factors can be integrated into planning Mrs. Franklin-Jones’s discharge. From the conversation Mrs. Franklin-Jones is a Jamaican. As such, bush tea is one of the ethnomedicines used in this part of the world to manage pain and blood cleansing to lower the risk of hypertension and diabetes (Picking, Delgoda & Vandebroek, 2019). In addition, Mrs. Franklin-Jones notes that she will continue to use bush tea after discharge. Hence, nurse Hernandez should educate the patient to safely combine the bush tea with the prescribed medications in providing discharge instructions. Additionally, the nurse should emphasize cultural risk factors for cardiac diseases the patient must prevent such as using bush tea, which contains high levels of caffeine, foods with high cholesterol, salty and sugary foods that can increase blood sugar in the blood vessels.
Leininger and Watson Theory
Leininger and Watson Theory
Another consideration is that the patient has a family history of hypertension. Thus, during discharge, the nurse should teach the patient about blood pressure monitoring and reducing the risk of hypertension through regular physical exercise, proper health diet and stress management. The case study also shows the patient has poor medication compliance. Again, the patient reports non-adherence to medication due to forgetfulness. Hence, before discharge, the nurse should collaborate with patient family to help improve medication adherence.
Leininger and Watson Theory
The patient cites that she does not get a suitable diet for her condition. In this respect, prior to discharge the nurse has to educate the patient on dietary choices. Essentially, the patient eats Jamaican foods that are salty the might expose her to cardiac disease. Casas et al. (2018) also demonstrate that cardiovascular disease (CVD) is correlated with poor dietary patterns such as excessive consumption of sodium, sugars and processed foods.
Furthermore, the nurse has to take into account the fact that the patient has two jobs putting her under stress and pressure. In this regard, the nurse should emphasize on duty delegation and stress management on the discharge sheet. This would help the patient avoid stress and risk factors for cardiac diseases.
Importance of Culture Care Diversity Theory
The theory of Culture Care Diversity is a beneficial tool in the delivery of nursing care because it facilitates understanding of patients’ cultural background (Smith & Parker, 2015). In addition, cultural competent nursing is important in terms of removing barriers between patient-nurse, which allows collaboration of the nurse and patient to develop a care plan the integrates professional and generic knowledge. Taking into account cultural beliefs and values in the provision of care facilitates holistic care that leads to improved patient satisfaction and experience. This is particularly useful in the US healthcare system where the Center for Medicaid and Medicare (CMC) measure patient experience based on achievement, improvement and consistency (Elliott et al., 2016). As a result, cultural competence allows nurses to accurately make diagnosis based on patients’ holistic needs while focusing on cultural diversity in treatment plans.
Using Leininger’s Theory to Create Mrs. Franklin-Jones Care Plan
| Diagnosis | Goals and outcomes | Intervention | Evaluation |
| Acute myocardial infraction | Relieve chest pain, reduce cardiac workload, protect myocardial tissue and attain culturally competent care |
|
After a few weeks, the patient will be able to identify risk factors and develop required lifestyle changes |
Strengths and Limits to Leininger’s Theory
Strengths
Lininger’s theory allows nurses to understand cultural differences and create a conventional technique for delivery care while taking into consideration cultural values and beliefs of the patient (Smith & Parker, 2015). Moreover, the theory helps nurses to overcome ethical dilemmas linked to different cultures. In particular, the theory promotes cultural awareness. The other strength in the Lininger’s theory is that it puts emphasis on discovering cultural diversity.
Leininger and Watson Theory
Limitations
The theory has a static culture framework that reduces applicability. In other words, the theory does not focus on structural contexts through which health problems arise. As a result, using the cultural framework makes it challenging to use Leininger’s theory in certain healthcare.
Case Study 2
Jean Watson’s theory of human caring highlights caring as the cornerstone of nursing where the nurse interacts with patient to provide care (Pajnkihar, Štiglic & Vrbnjak, 2017). Additionally, caring helps patients to become knowledgeable, empowers and foster health changes. Conversely, nursing caring behavior can lead to patient satisfaction and wellness. Hence, the caring theory focuses on protection, enhancing and preserving human dignity (Pajnkihar et al., 2017). This section will use Watson’s theory to care for Mr. Jean-Baptiste who is recovering from post-hip replacement and transferred to the Rehabilitation Institute.
Transpersonal Caring relationship
The theory of human caring presents the framework that is demonstrated through interpersonal relationship between nurse and patient (Smith & Parker, 2015). The theory also assumes that caring involves curative elements that lead to patient satisfaction. For example, allowing Mr. Jean-Baptiste to bring spiritual care items might lead to positive patient experience during his recovery. Based on Watson’s theory, effective care foster’s individual potential by providing care environment to make suitable choices aligned with health conditions.
Leininger and Watson Theory
Nurse’s Role
Based on the case study, the nurse plays an important role of connecting with the patient’s cultural and spiritual aspects. In this respect, the nurse ensures that the patient enjoys wholeness in the hospital by integrating spiritual considerations of care to facilitate delivery of a proper care environment. Nonetheless, the nurse has to ensure that the patient’s spiritual care items and food does not cause any adverse effects.
Caring moment or Love as defined by Watson
The concept of love is reflected in Mr. Jean-Baptiste’s care at the Rehabilitation Institute. At the institute, the patient receives a warm welcome with signs written in his language and other languages. Furthermore, there are nurses on the shift that speak Creole, but language line is used to provide translation services. Again, the patient is allowed to share his Haitian culture and values that the staff can honor. Essentially, the patient is encouraged to bring his spiritual care items and food. The nurses also allow the patient to have a relative at his side to ensure they meet his care needs. These attempts create a caring moment because there is human-to-human interaction that leads to the creation of spiritual and human bond.
Using Self to Create a Healing Environment
Watson’s theory demonstrates that the concept of self represents perceptions and attributes in the I and me relationships (Smith & Parker, 2015). Therefore, the nurse uses the self-aspect creatively by transferring the love and sharing with the patient. This would allow Mr. Jean-Baptiste to experience quality care and love. Additionally, the nurse can utilize the concept of self to create a healing environment by reducing Mr. Jean Baptiste’s emotional and physical stress. For instance, allowing the patient to engage in meaningful spiritual practices leads to a physical and spiritual healing environment.
Strengths and Limits to Watson’s Theory
Leininger and Watson Theory
Watson’s theory serves as a guideline that help nurses to improve patient care and provide holistic care. These aspects present a nursing environment that promotes patient’s recovery. Again, Watson’s theory offers a connection between the hierarchy of needs and curative factors, which makes the patient hopeful and urge of faster recover. However, the theory is limited since it fails to provide the exact actions needed to attain authentic relationship between caring as well as healing. Smith and Parker (2015) indicate that some providers focus on treatment guidelines to care for certain patient issues because they are unsure of integrating Watson’s theory into practice. The theory is also time-consuming in integrating caritas into practice.
Conclusion
The essay used Leininger’s theory and Watson’s theory to analyze two case studies. From the first case study, it is evident that nurses can use Leininger’s theory to provide culturally competent care. For instance, the nurse can educate the patient how to safely use cultural medicine with prescribed medication to improve health outcomes. According to case study 2, nurses can integrate Watson’s theory to promote transpersonal caring relationship by creating a caring moment.
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References
Casas, R., Castro-Barquero, S., Estruch, R., & Sacanella, E. (2018). Nutrition and cardiovascular health. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(12), 3988. https://doi.10.3390/ijms19123988
Elliott, M. N., Beckett, M. K., Lehrman, W. G., Cleary, P., Cohea, C. W., Giordano, L. A., … & Damberg, C. L. (2016). Understanding the role played by Medicare’s patient experience points system in hospital reimbursement. Health Affairs, 35(9), 1673-1680. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0691
McFarland, M. R., & Wehbe-Alamah, H. B. (2019). Leininger’s theory of culture care diversity and universality: An overview with a historical retrospective and a view toward the future. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 30(6), 540-557. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659619867134
Pajnkihar, M., Štiglic, G., & Vrbnjak, D. (2017). The concept of Watson’s carative factors in nursing and their (dis) harmony with patient satisfaction. PeerJ, 5, e2940. https://doi.10.7717/peerj.2940
Picking, D., Delgoda, R., & Vandebroek, I. (2019). Traditional knowledge systems and the role of traditional medicine in Jamaica. CAB Reviews, 14(045), 1-13. https://doi.10.1079/PAVSNNR201914045
Smith, M. C., & Parker, M. E. (2015). Nursing theories and nursing practice. FA Davis.
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